<div style='margin-bottom: 20px;'> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the primary purpose of protocol layering in communication networks?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The primary purpose is to organize communication processes into layers, each with specific tasks, to facilitate complex communications efficiently.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What principle ensures bidirectional communication in protocol layering?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The principle that each layer must be capable of performing two opposite tasks, one in each direction.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the TCP/IP protocol suite function within the internet?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It functions as a hierarchical set of protocols organized in different layers, where each layer provides specific functionalities supported by the services of lower layers.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How do the duties of the top three layers differ from the two lower layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The top three layers (application, transport, and network) are responsible for end-to-end communication across the internet, while the two lower layers (data-link and physical) handle hop-to-hop communication.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why are identical objects under each layer at both sites important in protocol layering?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Identical objects ensure that the communication protocol is consistent and interpretable at both ends of the communication channel.</p> </div> </div>