<div style='margin-bottom: 20px;'> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does dation in payment differ from cession in terms of the number of creditors involved?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Dation in payment does not involve plurality of creditors, while cession involves multiple creditors.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the implications of a solidary debtor making a payment on the obligation?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The obligation is extinguished, and the paying debtor may claim from co-debtors only their respective shares, with interest if applicable.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What leads to a debtor losing the benefit of a period in an obligation?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Acts like becoming insolvent or attempting to abscond.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What creates a quasi-contractual obligation?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Lawful, voluntary, and unilateral acts that bind parties to prevent unjust enrichment at the expense of another.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What constitutes a fortuitous event in the context of obligations?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A fortuitous event is an extraordinary, unforeseeable, and unavoidable event that makes it impossible for the debtor to fulfill their obligations.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What type of obligation depends on the happening of an event for rights to be acquired or lost?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Conditional obligation</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the consequence of a potestative condition being solely dependent on the debtor's will?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It is considered void if suspensive.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How do courts have the authority to intervene in the enforcement of penalty clauses?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Courts can reduce the penalty if the principal obligation has been partly or irregularly complied with, or if the penalty is iniquitous or unconscionable.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinguishes real and personal obligations?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Real obligations involve the duty to give, while personal obligations involve the duty to do or not to do something.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the law treat the enforcement of solidary obligations?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A debtor may pay any solidary creditor, and actions like novation or remission by any creditor or debtor can extinguish the obligation.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinguishes Culpa Contractual from Culpa Aquiliana and Culpa Criminal?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Culpa Contractual is related to breaches of contract, Culpa Aquiliana to civil negligence or quasi-delict, and Culpa Criminal to negligence resulting in a crime.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Under what conditions can a creditor not recover damages for negligence?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A creditor cannot recover damages if their negligence was the immediate and proximate cause of the injury.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the general conditions under which a debtor is considered in default?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A debtor is generally considered in default upon demand, which can be judicial or extra-judicial.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is required for consignation to effectively extinguish an obligation?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A valid debt due, a legal cause for consignation, previous notice to interested parties, and deposit of the amount or thing due in court.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the requisites for a delict to result in obligations?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">An act or omission punishable by law, with proof beyond reasonable doubt for criminal liability and preponderance of evidence for civil liability.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Under what circumstances can vicarious liability arise?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Vicarious liability arises for damages caused by minors, employees, and others under certain conditions, with responsibility ceasing if due diligence is proven.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How is a condition deemed fulfilled under constructive or presumed fulfillment?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">When the obligor voluntarily prevents its fulfillment.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the law treat obligations to do in case of breach?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Substitute performance is allowed, as forcing the obligor to comply would violate the prohibition against involuntary servitude.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the remedies available for obligations not to do if breached?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The creditor may have the action undone at the expense of the debtor.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the law treat obligations with a period in terms of their effectivity?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A period determines when an obligation becomes effective or extinguishes.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Under what conditions can the obligation be considered extinguished in the context of dation in payment?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">When the parties agree upon it or consider the thing delivered as equivalent to the obligation, either expressly, impliedly, or by silence.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How are obligations derived from law characterized?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Obligations derived from law are not presumed and are only demandable if expressly determined by the Code or special laws.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What conditions must be met for a quasi-delict to obligate compensation for damages?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">There must be an act or omission, fault or negligence, damage caused, and a direct relation of cause and effect between the act and the damage.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What defines a joint obligation in the context of debtors and creditors?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A joint obligation is where each debtor is liable for a proportionate part of the debt, and each creditor is entitled to a proportionate part of the credit, with each debt/credit considered independent.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the definition of an obligation in the context of the Civil Code?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the insolvency of one debtor affect the others in a joint obligation?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The insolvency of a debtor does not increase the responsibility of co-debtors nor authorize a creditor to demand more from co-creditors.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What happens to an obligation if it is based on an impossible condition?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The obligation is annulled.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Under what conditions can solidarity among debtors or creditors arise?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Solidarity can arise through explicit stipulation, legal requirement, or the inherent nature of the obligation.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the general rule regarding the effect of the fulfillment of conditions on obligations?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It retroacts to the day of the constitution of the obligation.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What determines the transmissibility of obligations?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The general rule is that all rights acquired in virtue of an obligation are transmissible, except when the obligation's nature, stipulation, or law dictates otherwise.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the essential requisites for novation to effectively replace an old obligation with a new one?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A previous valid obligation, agreement of all parties to a new contract, extinguishment of the old obligation, and validity of the new obligation.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Under what condition can the old debtor still be liable in a passive novation through delegacion?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">If the insolvency of the new debtor was already existing and known or of public knowledge.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinguishes a merger or confusion of rights in the context of obligations?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The meeting in one person of the qualities of creditor and debtor with respect to the same obligation.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the effect of subrogation on the rights transferred to the subrogated person?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Subrogation transfers the credit with all rights thereto appertaining, either against the debtor or third persons.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the basis of obligations arising from contracts?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Obligations from contracts are based on a mutual agreement and have the force of law between the contracting parties, requiring compliance in good faith.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What determines the acquisition or loss of rights in conditional obligations?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The happening of a specific event.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What determines the nature of a facultative obligation?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The ability of the obligor to render another prestation in substitution.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the two main types of conditions based on their effect on obligations?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Suspensive and resolutory.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the two main types of impossibility that can extinguish an obligation?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Physical and Legal impossibility.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What defines legal tender under the New Central Bank Act?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Coins and currencies issued by the BSP with no limit for currency notes, but specific limits for coins.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What happens to accessory obligations in the event of a novation?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Generally extinguished, except for obligations pour atrui without the third person's consent.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What quantum of evidence is required for criminal liability to attach?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Proof beyond reasonable doubt</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How do conditions influence legal relationships?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">By being uncertain events that affect the relationship.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is required for a conventional subrogation to occur?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The consent of the original parties and the third person to be subrogated</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the essence of negligence in the context of obligations?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Negligence is the failure to exercise the required level of care or diligence in fulfilling an obligation, considering the circumstances, time, and place.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Under what conditions can compensation be considered proper for extinguishing obligations?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Both parties must be mutual principal debtors and creditors, the debts must be due, liquidated, and demandable, and there should be no retention or controversy over them.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Under what circumstances can courts fix the duration of an obligation's period?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">If the obligation does not specify a period or it depends on the debtor's will.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the legal requirement for an implied novation to be considered effective?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Clear and convincing proof of complete incompatibility between the two obligations.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the primary modes of extinguishing obligations?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Obligations can be extinguished by payment or performance, loss of the thing due, condonation or remission of debt, confusion or merger of rights, compensation, and novation.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the effect of a penalty clause in the fulfillment of obligations?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The penalty substitutes the indemnity for damages and payment of interests in case of non-compliance, with certain exceptions.</p> </div> </div>