<div style='margin-bottom: 20px;'> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the two forms that reinforcement and punishment can take?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Positive and negative</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does Freud's theory explain the stages of psychological and personality growth during childhood?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Psychosexual development</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What role does rationalization play in defense mechanisms?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Justifying actions with logical-sounding reasons to make them seem acceptable.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the significance of Freud's structural model of the mind in understanding defense mechanisms?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It provides a framework for understanding how the Id, Ego, and Superego interact to manage anxiety and internal conflicts.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What principle of learning did Ivan Pavlov discover through his experiments?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Classical Conditioning</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the psychological process of introjection?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Internalizing external beliefs or values into one's own identity.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinguishes repression from other defense mechanisms?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It involves keeping distressing memories or thoughts hidden in the unconscious mind.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does operant conditioning modify behavior according to B.F. Skinner?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Through reinforcement and punishment</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the primary function of defense mechanisms according to psychoanalytic theory?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">To protect the individual from unwanted or unpleasant thoughts and to manage internal conflicts.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the primary focus of pleasure in the oral stage of psychosexual development?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Mouth activities like sucking and biting</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the purpose of displacement as a defense mechanism?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">To redirect emotions from the original source to a less threatening target.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How do defense mechanisms operate within the mind?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">At an unconscious level, serving as adaptive strategies.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the psychological process by which individuals assimilate external beliefs into their own identity?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Introjection</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does denial function as a defense mechanism?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">By refusing to acknowledge the existence of distressing realities, thus avoiding emotional discomfort.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does projection differ from other defense mechanisms?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">By attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What potential outcome does Freud suggest if a child does not successfully navigate the conflicts at each psychosexual stage?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Fixation</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">According to behaviorism, how is behavior learned?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Through interactions with the environment</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Describe the process and purpose of sublimation.</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does reaction formation manifest in behavior?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">By expressing the opposite of one's true feelings or desires.</p> </div> </div>